Latino Communities Structural And Social Issues And How...

Amanda Tran Professor Alexandro Gradilla CHIC 305 13 January 2015 Latino Communities: Structural and Social Issues and How They Thrive For many Latino families, their image is misunderstood. The majority of Americans analyze Latino communities focusing on the individual. Asking individual questions such as what did that person do wrong to be poor? Why is that individual immigrating into the US? The real question we should be asking is what factors made them immigrate to a different country in the first place. After all, â€Å"nobody likes to leave their home† says Juan Gonzalez from the documentary Harvest of Empire. Researching Latinos in America requires using structural/social determinants to gain an accurate representation. In Latinos in†¦show more content†¦Looking into social forces such as U.S. history, education, and racism will help find out why such inequality among Latino families exists and how they persevere and thrive in America. U.S. history is a key structural determinant of why Latinos have faced hardship, but now making up over 33% of the nation’s population have found their voice. In the documentary, Harvest of Empire Journalist and author of the book Juan Gonzalez, â€Å"Harvest of Empire† discusses the controversial issue in America of Latino immigration. He examines U.S. intervention in each of the Latin countries which in turn caused them to migrate to North America. â€Å"People in the U.S. have no idea why we come to this country. No idea. And if they do, it’s probably the wrong one† says Mariana Cabrera a Guatemalan immigrant (Harvest, 18:51). Her country of Guatemala had many changes going on in terms of government structure. In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz was appointed as President of Guatemala and wanted to help alleviate poverty in the country by land reform. According the documentary 2% of the owners had control of the land and 75% were in the hands of the United Fruit Company. The United Fruit Company was controlled by America and used the Guatemalan land to create an American powerhouse. With Arbenz in rule, Guatemalan governm ent values did not match those of

John Ray Cash Essay - 1252 Words

Johnny Cash was born February 26, 1932. His parents called him J.R. because they couldn’t settle on the name of John or Ray so they called him JR. His father was a poor farmer who moved the family several times while Johnny Cash was a child. This made for a lot of instability in his younger years. His father farmed and when the farms were not doing so well in the beginning of the 30’s his father packed his family up and moved them to Dyess County in northeastern Arkansas. There was government assistance there to be had. The government provided Johnny’s family with a house, barn and some farm land. This was so that their family could raise cotton. His family stayed there and made a home finally. His father never really†¦show more content†¦Johnny would pick up drinking and doing drugs like his father had done when he was smaller. All this drove Johnny into depression. He never really liked to talk about it but it was known that he wasn’t happy in his life like he could have been. Even right up until the end of his life he was abusing drugs. It was like he always tried to mask the pain but it never worked. He went into the military and went to the Korean War as a Morris code decoder. He couldn’t really make a living doing anything else where he was from due to the economy so he enlisted. While he was in the military he picked up playing the guitar very well and making music. At first he was mortified that people there partied, womanized and swore but as the years went on he too picked up these bad habits. When he got home from the war he got married to he first wife Vivian and had three daughters. He worked very hard at this time of his career traveling and singing. This is where he was introduced to his drug habit. One day he was driving and a friend of his offered another friend a drug to stay awake. Johnny asked if he could have one and it rejuvenated him to the point of not sleeping for an entire day. He loved the energy that it gave him but wasn’t fond of how he felt when his high was over. He finally divorced from his first wife Vivian because of his being not home and his womanizing nature. In time he married June Carter and had a son named John withShow MoreRelatedWalk the Line1102 Words   |  5 PagesPatrick, Dallas Roberts, Dan John Miller, Larry Bagby, Shelby Lynne Director: James Mangold Producers: James Keach, Cathy Konrad Screenplay: Gill Dennis James Mangold Cinematography: Phedon Papamichael Music: Johnny Cash, T Bone Burnett Studio: 20th Century Fox Theatre: Empire Theatres Date: 12/12/05 Time: 7:15 P.M. Walk the Line is a biographical film about the life and times of country s bad boy, Johnny Cash. The movie starts out midway through Cash s career at the legendaryRead MoreEssay about From Farming to The Man in Black1652 Words   |  7 Pageshe was and where he went with his life. Johnny Cash has been very successful with his singing career. Starting at age 4 by singing with his family on the front porch to being inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1965 and also winning a number of awards. Johnny Cash came from a long line of musicians and singers, whether they were professional or not. Cash’s main source of encouragement and inspiration is his mother, Carrie Cash. Cash didn’t have a perfect life, but with help he overcameRead MoreJohnny Cash By John R. Cash1005 Words   |  5 PagesJohnny Cash was born J.R. Cash on February 26, 1932 to Ray and Carrie Rivers Cash. Cash moved to at the age of three and grew up in Dyess,Arkansas on a 20 acre cotton farm w here he worked beside his family. He had very little education. As a child, John was very close with his older brother Jack. Jack died in May 1944 of a fatal saw mill injury where he was pulled into the saw head. Jack had suffered over a week before he died. Johnny had horrible guilt he felt from this incident. Cash said thatRead MoreCash And Becoming Depressed By Life After His Mrs. Carter Cash1245 Words   |  5 PagesThis is about Johnny R. Cash and becoming depressed in life after his Mrs. Carter Cash past away in 2003. In this you will hear about his entire life all the way up to the present. This will also show how I diagnosed Johnny Cash with Major Depressive Disorder and how he can possible get over it. I chose the method of family therapy and changing his behavior of be alone and not having anyone to be around to having a family there to love and support you will change his thought. My goal with this typeRead MoreMovie Analysis : Blockbuster Failure1460 Words   |  6 P agesfounder of a company named Netflix proposed to John Antioco, Blockbusters CEO the idea of a partnership where Netflix will managed Blockbuster brand online and Blockbuster would manage theirs in the stores. Netflix is an international provider of internet streaming media that serves all of the world the service of streaming and mailed DVD and Blu-Ray. Their company works by monthly subscriptions offering the consumers different streaming, DVD/Blu-Ray packages that would fulfilled their needs. TheRead MoreDr. Cash And The Depression1610 Words   |  7 PagesThis is about Johnny R. Cash and the depression that consumed his life after the death of his wife Mrs. June Carter Cash who passed away in May 2003. In this case study you will read about Mr. Cash’s life from childhood till present day. The study will show how I have diagnosed Johnny Cash with Major Depressive Disorder as well as Alcohol, Stimulant and Sedative Use Disorder from prior drug and alcohol abuse. It is im portant to note Johnny states he has been in remission from drugs and alcohol forRead MoreUse of Accelerated Depreciation Methods Allows Shifting of Income677 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor shift of generated revenue, affecting income in the short term. Also, by having higher depreciation in the initial years of the asset’s productive live will produce lower taxable income for the company (Fishman 120-22). Since they increase cash sources for a company, accelerated depreciation methods are almost the same as obtaining a lower tax rate altogether. Under the current tax law, this incentive is exceptionally beneficial for reducing tax liabilities, which in turn creates the fundsRead MoreThe Battle Of La Drang1438 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the soldiers (Cav Scouts) of the US Army and the enemy (the People’s Army of Vietnam) aka the PAVN / NVA of North Vietnam. This battle took place between the dates of 14November1865 and 18November1865 at two separate LZs. These landing zones (X-Ray and Albany) were located adjacent to each other to the west of the village of Plei Me in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam. The landing zones were precisely at the footstep of the Chu Pong massif. Before the battle started, close to 1,100 AmericansRead MoreJetBlue airways IPO valuation1500 Words   |  6 Pagesexpressed  confidence in the  bright  future.   Before going public Before going public in 2002, JetBlue has outstanding advantage in the whole industries. Because of the good performance by management team (CEO: David Neelman,President and COO: David Barger ,CFO: John Owen), JetBlue provided good services which include new aircraft, leather seat, free live TV at every seat and high quality customer services. As the same time, the JetBlue is also a Low-fare leader in southwest airlines. For these impacts, the companyRead MoreReview Of The Sky ! It s A Bird1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbuyer’s remorse. It is essential that readers use criteria such as price point, publishers, characters, genre, and creators to sift through the wide variety of comic books in order to determine which ones they feel are truly worth their hard-earned cash. As tends to be the case with anything people buy, price matters. Miller (2016) tells us that the average price of a new comic book in August of 2016 is $3.99. Additionally, according to the Writers’ Guild of Great Britain, a single issue of any given

Ethics In Digital Photojournalism Essay - 1152 Words

The instant we pick up a camera, the image has already been edited and the credibility of the photojournalist is already on the line. The ability and practice of people to be able to edit what goes into the composition of a photograph begins when they pick up a camera and even possibly when they decide to take a photograph of something. The work of a photojournalist is to relay images to the public via news sources in a way that gives people as much information about a topic as possible in the most neutral way possible. While no human being can be entirely objective about a given scenario it is the prerogative of the photojournalist to provide images that evoke the heart of a story without being manipulative to the viewer. This means that†¦show more content†¦This practice and art of inclusion versus exclusion is that first piece of editing and is where the credibility of the photojournalist begins to be built because they’re making an ethical choice about what they t hink needs to make it to the public eye and also in what form that should come. Choosing something distasteful or radically inaccurate to present as truth is unsteady ground for many and that is only increased in a profession where your career is on the line and you are constantly asked to back up what you’re presenting in the form of journalism or other forms of mass media and information dispersal. The second piece that comes in is the choice about what elements to bring up in a photograph. Some angles emphasize things in the foreground, or make a building seem more grandiose or larger than it really is based on optical perspectives created through the camera’s lens. For instance, a photograph of a dog shot straight on, looking into its eyes and close up might suggest a closeness of the animal and even a friendship like that between the dog and its owner. However, by standing up and tilting the lens down on the dog makes it seem smaller, less powerful and even important. The inclusion of that dogs ball next to it makes it seem playful, but without it could seem adoring or expecting, even demanding. If theseShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Quinns Accepting Manipulation or Manipulating Whats Acceptable?1578 Words   |  6 PagesPliable is Morality? Quinn expresses a fundamental concern with the validity and objectivity of journalism with the coming of the digital age, and the increasing role that digital/information technology plays in media that reports or represents reality. Quinn begins his 2004 paper with the mention of the transition of non-digital/traditional photography into mainly digital photography with respect to journalism. More than just the changing of the photographic platform and format, Quinn notes the roleRead MoreEthics Photojournalism2661 Words   |  11 PagesPhotojournalism and digital imaging ethics Photojournalism, present day finds itself standing at the proverbial crossroads. Will digital imaging technologies and public cynicism lead to its downfall or will journalists rise to the challenge by practicing a new more credible form of visual /photo journalism. Ethical blunders by such journalistic icons as National Geographic and TIME have all contributed to visual journalism losing credibility with the public. It was only a hundred years ago thatRead MoreEssay on Changing Photojournalism Education in American Universities1044 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Photojournalism Education in American Universities Kenneth Kenney stated the obvious in 1987- â€Å"The lack of trained teachers and educators and standard teaching materials is the most pressing problem in photojournalism education† (Kenney 1987). The same rings true today- professors in the fields of journalism and photojournalism are practicing the same things they were taught in college- many have been out of the workforce for years, if they were working journalists or photojournalists atRead MoreThe Moral Ethical Guidelines Of A Shot Manipulation And The Dependence On A Machine1092 Words   |  5 PagesAaron Quinn, in his article, called Accepting Manipulation or Manipulating what is Acceptable? He indicates the declining of public trust in photojournalism due to the obscurity of journalists’ integrity to provide accurate news to the public. He also indicates the existence of two moral dilemmas in photojournalism profession: post- shoot manipulation and the dependence on a machine to make a decision rather than a human being, as well as the ethical problems that come with the two moral dilemmasRead MoreMotivations Behind Altered Images : Feigned Realities1319 Words   |  6 Pagesclick of a mouse. We’ve all seen her, and we’ve all come to the realization of the impossibility of her existence. The Photoshopped woman is not real. So why do we insist on giving her power?† In The New York Times’ Debating the Rules Ethics of Digital †¨Photojournalism Melissa Lyttle writes, â€Å"It’s a dangerous and slippery slope to travel down when altered work is lauded, and other photojournalists see that as the ideal.† Meaning that altered images are creating a sense of a false reality, and thoseRead MoreWhat Helped Move Photojournalism Throughout The Twentieth Century?3311 Words   |  14 PagesCanon Essay In this essay I will be talking about what helped move photojournalism along in the twentieth century. I will then go on to explain what a photo-essay is and what strategies were used when it came to photojournalism. Lastly, I will mention about the Picture Post magazine. 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I have been able to fine-tune my photography skills by working for The Knox Student as a staff photographer, and taking a class titled â€Å"Digital Photojournalism† under Prof. Michael Godsil. What connections can you see between different parts of your experience? between your interests before Knox and your interests at Knox: Since I have been to an international school, I have always been interestedRead MorePaparazzi Go Too Far2499 Words   |  10 Pageshome that had several hundred meters of land between the home and a public road. The pictures were taken with a specialized zooming camera. According to NPR, The French magazine Closer that had the possession of the photographs must hand over all digital files of photos containing snapshots of a topless Kate Middleton and refrain from republishing any of them or face fines of $13,000 a day (5). Even the royal family have fallen to victims of the paparazzi. These examples are what endangers theRead MoreNews Writing Style Ethics And Journalism1283 Words   |  6 PagesWriting style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific

Data Mining and Machine Learning

Question: Discuss about theData Mining and Machine Learning. Answer: Preprocessing in Data Mining Steps for Preprocessing Data preprocessing method have four methods. They are, Data Cleaning Data Discretization Data Transformation Data Reduction Conclusion of Data Pre-Processing Steps In preprocessing stage, the training data of the file is modified to understandable format. The user viewed the data and understand the attributes available on the training data set. User used the filter option and views the data as clean. Then the user did group the data as based on the data type. The numerical data and the character data formed as group separately. The decimal value is changed as a whole value by the transformation method. Then the data reduction method is done in preprocessing stage. Finally got fully preprocessed data. The data is a clean data. Decision Tree explanation and why it has been chosen Decision Tree is a class for generating a pruned or unpruned C4.5 decision tree. Here in decision tree target class attribute as Year_Of_Study here goes to leaf and other attributes to branches. J28 Decision tree is used to classify the new item of the given data. For create the new item, first need to crate the decision tree. This decision tree made by using the attributes of the given training data. Particularly, the J48 decision tree is notify the attributes that clearly view the various instances when the training set is encounters. This is main advantage of the J48 algorithm. It gives the detail information about the all data instance. So, the user get the highest information of the training set data. In all the possible values of data, user take the target value as which data value is not provide the ambiguity. No ambiguity of data together to form a category. This category have the same target value. After obtain the target value user will terminate the branch. Then for other cases, go to another attribute and get the highest information. This algorithm is mainly user for finding the dependent attribute. Other methods not do this. References Class Notes, Book chapters, Class presentation materials.

Duke Ellington Essays (808 words) - Jazz, Music, Duke Ellington

Duke Ellington Duke Ellington By the time of his passing, he was considered amongst the world's greatest composers and musicians. The French government honored him with their highest award, the Legion of Honor, while the government of the United States bestowed upon him the highest civil honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He played for the royalty and for the common people and by the end of his fifty-year career, he had played over 20,000 performances worldwide. He was the Duke, Duke Ellington Edward Kennedy Ellington was born into the world on April 28, 1899 in Washington, D.C. Duke's parents Daisy Kennedy Ellington and James Edward Ellington served as ideal role models for young Duke and taught him everything from proper table manners to an understanding of the emotional power of music. Duke's first piano lessons came around the age of seven or eight and appeared to not have that much lasting effect upon him. It seemed as if young Duke was more inclined to baseball at a young age. Duke got his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senator's baseball games. This was the first time Duke was placed as a performer for a crowd and had to first get over his stage fright. At the age of fourteen, Duke began sneaking into Frank Holliday's poolroom. His experiences from the poolroom taught him to appreciate the value in mixing with a wide range of people. As Duke's piano lessons faded into the past, Duke began to show a flare for the artistic. Duke attended Armstrong Manual Trai ning School to study commercial art instead of an academically-oriented school. Duke began to seek out and listen to ragtime pianists in Washington and during the summers, where he and his mother vacationed in Philadelphia or Atlantic City. While vacationing in Asbury Park, Duke heard of a hot pianist named Harvey Brooks. At the end of his vacation Duke sought Harvey out in Philadelphia where Harvey showed Duke some pianistic tricks and shortcuts. Duke later recounted that, When I got home I had a real yearning to play. I hadn't been able to get off the ground before, but after hearing him I said to myself, ?Man you're going to have to do it.' Thus the music career of Duke Ellington was born. Duke was taken under the wings of Oliver Doc Perry and Louis Brown who taught Duke how to read music and helped improve his overall piano playing skills. Duke found piano playing jobs at clubs and cafes throughout the Washington area. Three months shy of graduation, Duke dropped out of school and began his professional music career. In late 1917, Duke formed his first group: The Duke's Serenaders. Between 1918 and 1919, Duke made three significant steps towards independence. First, he moved out of his parents' home and into a home he bought for himself. Second, Duke became his own booking agent for his band. By doing so, Ellington's band was able to play throughout the Washington area and into Virginia for private society balls and embassy parties. Finally, Duke married Edna Thompson and on March 11, 1919, Mercer Kennedy Ellington was born. In 1923, Duke left the security that Washington offered him and moved to New York. Through the power of radio, listeners throughout New York had heard of Duke Ellington, making him quite a popular musician. It is also in that year that Duke made his first recording. Ellington and his renamed band, The Washingtonians, established themselves during the prohibition era by playing at places like the Exclusive Club, Connie's Inn, the Hollywood Club (Club Kentucky), Ciro's, the Plantation Club, and most importantly the Cotton Club. Thanks to the rise in radio receivers and the industry itself, Duke's band was broadcast across the nation live on From the Cotton Club. The band's music along with their popularity spread rapidly. In 1928, Ellington and Irving Mills signed an agreement in which Mills produced and published Ellington's music. Recording companies like Brunswick, Columbia, and Victor came calling. Duke's band became the most sought after band in the United States and even throughout the world. Some of Ellington's greatest works include, Rockin' in Rhythm, Satin Doll, New Orleans, A Drum is a Women, Take the A Train,

Nationalism in Politics and Culture

Nationalism in Politics and Culture Nationalism is a term used to describe a fervent emotional identification with ones country and its people, customs, and values. In politics and public policy, nationalism is a doctrine whose mission is to protect a nations right to self-govern and shield fellow residents of a state from global economic and social pressures. The opposite of nationalism is globalism. Nationalism can range from the unthinking devotion of flag-waving patriotism in its most benign form to chauvinism, xenophobia, racism, and  ethnocentrism  at its worst and most dangerous.  It is often associated with the sort of deeply emotional commitment to one’s nation - over and against all others - that leads to atrocities like those committed by the National Socialists in Germany in the 1930s, wrote University of West Georgia philosophy professor Walter Riker. Political and Economic Nationalism In the modern era, President Donald Trumps America First doctrine was centered on nationalist policies that included higher tariffs on imports, a crackdown on illegal immigration, and the withdrawal of the United States from trade agreements his administration believed were harmful to American workers. Critics described Trumps brand of nationalism as white identity politics; indeed, his election coincided with the rise of the so-called alt-right movement,  a loosely connected group of young, disaffected Republicans and white nationalists. In 2017, Trump told the United Nations General Assembly: In foreign affairs, we are renewing this founding principle of sovereignty. Our governments first duty is to its people, to our citizens, to serve their needs, to ensure their safety, to preserve their rights and to defend their values. I will always put America first, just like you, as the leaders of your countries, will always and should always put your countries first. Benign Nationalism? National Review editor Rich Lowry and senior editor Ramesh Ponnuru used the term benign nationalism in 2017: The outlines of a benign nationalism are not hard to discern. It includes loyalty to one’s country: a sense of belonging, allegiance, and gratitude to it. And this sense attaches to the country’s people and culture, not just to its political institutions and laws. Such nationalism includes solidarity with one’s countrymen, whose welfare comes before, albeit not to the complete exclusion of, that of foreigners. When this nationalism finds political expression, it supports a federal government that is jealous of its sovereignty, forthright and unapologetic about advancing its people’s interests, and mindful of the need for national cohesion. Many argue, though, that there is no such thing as benign nationalism and that any nationalism is divisive and polarizing at its most innocuous and hateful and dangerous when carried to extremes. Nationalism is not unique to the United States, either. Waves of nationalist sentiment have swept through the electorate in Britain and other parts of Europe, China, Japan, and India. One notable example of nationalism was the so-called Brexit vote in 2016 in which citizens of the United Kingdom chose to leave the European Union.   Types of Nationalism in the United States In the United States, there are several kinds of nationalism, according to research conducted by sociology professors at Harvard and New York universities. The professors, Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, identified the following groups: Restrictive nationalism, or the  belief that the only true Americans are Christians, speak English, and were born in the United States.Ardent nationalism, or the belief that the  United States is superior ethnically, racially, or culturally to other countries. This can be referred to as ethnic nationalism, too. White nationalists espouse white supremacist or white separatist ideologies and believe non-whites are inferior. Those hate groups include the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Confederates, neo-Nazis, racist skinheads, and Christian Identity.  Civic or liberal nationalism, the belief that  Americas democratic institutions and constitutionally protected liberties are superior, or exceptional. Sources and Further Reading on Nationalism Heres where you can read more about all forms of nationalism. What 4 types of American nationalism can tell us about Trump voters:  Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, The Washington PostFor Love of Country,  Rich Lowry and Ramesh Ponnuru,  National ReviewNationalism can have its good points. Really.:  Prerna Singh, The Washington PostOn Nationalism and Exceptionalism: Yuval Levin, Ethics Public Policy CenterThe Trouble With Nationalism, Jonah Goldberg, National Review

Siddhartha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Siddhartha - Essay Example Theoretically, it is a justified and beautiful allegory of man's inner desire for peace and rebirth. It greatly shows the eternal oneness of man with his environment. Calvin (1996) asserted that Siddhartha is the best of Hermann Hesse's outstanding collection of work. De Rossi (1999) described Siddhartha as poetic, vibrant and extremely captivating resulting to a work of pure and inconceivable art. The Indian tale, Siddhartha, is the story of the spiritual awakening of an Indian man born from a wealthy Brahmin family. He was exposed to the extremities of man's wanting made of lust and greed and thus, he decided to leave his family and wealth to gain freedom to do whatever he likes. This stubbornness resulted to a child born out of wedlock. Yet, these material illusions caused by Siddhartha's desire to enjoy life have bored him and out of despair, he came to a river. He then heard a peculiar sound which signaled his enlightenment. This marked a new life for him, a life with inner peace and wisdom, which he never knew he had been wanting for a long time. As a young man blessed with intelligence and charm, he first believed that the true meaning of life was using his assets to live life to the fullest. In his quest for spiritual enlightenment, he wandered, hoping to eventually find what he was looking for. Then, he met a ferryman who was sitting in the shade of a banyan tree, listening to the sound of a river. The ferryman was believed by many natives as a sage but in fact, he was once a wandering shramana and a follower of Gotama, the Buddha. Siddhartha, on the other hand, was not a follower of Buddha. He grew up following his own desires without being enraptured by anyone's sermons but himself. Yet, after a long quest for truth and satisfaction, he later found what he was looking for. The ferryman and the friendships he gained in his quest has greatly helped him search his path. Neither did he found it in material things nor in other person's wealth. He found his true self, uncovered by the light of his own spirit. Overall, the book Siddhartha comprises of a mutual combination of man's angst and selfishness. It teaches life-earned lessons Siddhartha learned himself in his journey for inner peace. It is a superbly written spiritual quest. Theoretically, Siddhartha represents an ordinary man of today born with almost every material gift life has to offer. Yet, in his maturity, he later finds out that an enlightened path of life is not taught nor practiced. It is earned through experience. Hence, one has to experience years of the sorrows and joys of life before he finds what he was really searching for. Since the plot is set on India, it is a moral metaphor of Indian theology. The story, itself, depicts man's mystery of loneliness and discontent. It metaphorically shows how the protagonist goes through the various stages of life in order to gain enlightenment and complete rebirth. The happiness he later earned was the result of the complexities he earned